Choiceology with Katy Milkman

• How a Single Source of Information Can Seem Like Several

  You've probably been in situations where multiple friends recommend the same product. It must be great, if everyone is talking about it, right? But then you find out that those friends had all just seen the same product on a popular TV show. What seemed like independent recommendations really came from a single source.In this episode of Choiceology with Katy Milkman, we consider the consequences of missing out on the true source of information when we're exposed to that information through multiple channels.Joe Schwarcz tells the story of two-time Nobel laureate Linus Pauling and his obsession with the healing powers of vitamin C. Pauling was a venerated and accomplished chemist, so when he wrote the book Vitamin C and the Common Cold, the world took note. His claims about the health benefits of vitamin C were echoed innumerable times by health writers and influential figures in books and magazines and TV commercials. The problem was, there was little evidence to support those claims.Joe Schwarcz is the director of the Office for Science and Society at  McGill University, where he is also a professor of chemistry.Next, Katy speaks with Florian Zimmermann about the dangers of mistaking multiple sources of information as independent. Florian Zimmerman is a professor of economics at the University of Bonn who, along with Harvard economist Benjamin Enke, uncovered the problem of correlation neglect.Choiceology is an original podcast from Charles Schwab. For more on the show, visit schwab.com/podcast.If you enjoy the show, please leave a rating or review on Apple Podcasts.Important DisclosuresThe comments, views, and opinions expressed in the presentation are those of the speakers and do not necessarily represent the views of Charles Schwab.Data contained herein from third party providers is obtained from what are considered reliable sources. However, its accuracy, completeness or reliability cannot be guaranteed.All corporate names and market data shown above are for illustrative purposes only and are not a recommendation, offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. The policy analysis provided by the Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., does not constitute and should not be interpreted as an endorsement of any political party.Investing involves risk including loss of principal.The book How to Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be is not affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.). Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.) has not reviewed the books and makes no representations about its content.0825-VH6M

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• Coming Soon: A New Season of Choiceology

  It's a new season of Choiceology, an original podcast from Charles Schwab. New episodes arrive every two weeks, so please follow us in your favorite podcasting app.Important DisclosuresThe comments, views, and opinions expressed in the podcast are those of the speakers and do not necessarily represent the views of Charles Schwab.Data contained herein from third party providers is obtained from what are considered reliable source. However, its accuracy, completeness or reliability cannot be guaranteed and Charles Schwab & Co. expressly disclaims any liability, including incidental or consequential damages, arising from errors or omissions in this publication. All corporate names and market data shown above are for illustrative purposes only and are not a recommendation, offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. Investing involves risk, including loss of principal.The book How to Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be is not affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.). Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.) has not reviewed the books and makes no representations about its content.0725-PKW2

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• Little Bits of Happiness: With Guests Sally Millington & Ellen Evers

  Were you the kind of kid who devoured all your Halloween candy in one sitting—or savored it daily until, somehow, it was Easter? And when it comes to bad news, do you prefer it all at once or with some time in between? Turns out, the way we bundle or separate life's highs and lows can influence our happiness. In this episode of Choiceology with Katy Milkman, we consider a mental accounting trick that can help maximize joy and minimize pain. You'll hear from Sally Millington of York, U.K., who set out to try 52 new things in a year. From the silly to the daring, Sally shares how shifting from saving fun for vacations to spreading it throughout the year transformed her outlook—and boosted her well-being. Her story shows the power of intentionally pacing pleasure—and why we might want to do the opposite with unpleasant experiences.Then, Katy speaks with Ellen Evers, Associate Professor of Marketing at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley, whose research touches on how the way we categorize experiences can make everyday life feel a little better. Choiceology is an original podcast from Charles Schwab. For more on the show, visit schwab.com/podcast.If you enjoy the show, please leave a rating or review on Apple Podcasts.Important DisclosuresThe comments, views, and opinions expressed in the presentation are those of the speakers and do not necessarily represent the views of Charles Schwab.Data contained herein from third party providers is obtained from what are considered reliable source. However, its accuracy, completeness or reliability cannot be guaranteed and Charles Schwab & Co. expressly disclaims any liability, including incidental or consequential damages, arising from errors or omissions in this publication. All corporate names and market data shown above are for illustrative purposes only and are not a recommendation, offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. The policy analysis provided by the Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., does not constitute and should not be interpreted as an endorsement of any political party.Investing involves risk including loss of principal.The book How to Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be isnot affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.). Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.) has not reviewed the books and makes no representations about its content.0625-1RA3

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• Cents & Sensibility: With Guests Melina Palmer & Devin Pope

  Would you pay more for a car with 29,999 miles than one with 30,000? The answer should be no—it's a negligible difference, after all—but research shows that people often do pay more than they should for cars that are just short of certain odometer thresholds.In this episode of Choiceology with Katy Milkman, we look at why a price or an age or a test score that falls just under a round number has an outsized impact on our decisions. We hear from Melina Palmer, author of The Truth About Pricing, as she unpacks how the launch of iTunes—and its iconic per-song price—reshaped the music industry. Joshua Freedman, host of the Rapaport Diamond Podcast, explains why stones just shy of round carat weights are in high demand. And Bapu Jena, the host of the podcast Freaknomics M.D. and co-author of the book Random Acts of Medicine, reveals how deeply numbers shape medical decisions—and what that means for patients. Next, Katy speaks with Devin Pope, the Steven G. Rothmeier Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the Booth School of Business at the University of Chicago. Devin researches a variety of topics at the intersection of economics and psychology. In this episode, he shares his research involving cars–what we'll pay for them, what we pay to ride in them, and why. Important DisclosuresThe comments, views, and opinions expressed in the presentation are those of the speakers and do not necessarily represent the views of Charles Schwab.Data contained herein from third party providers is obtained from what are considered reliable source. However, its accuracy, completeness or reliability cannot be guaranteed and Charles Schwab & Co. expressly disclaims any liability, including incidental or consequential damages, arising from errors or omissions in this publication. All corporate names and market data shown above are for illustrative purposes only and are not a recommendation, offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. The policy analysis provided by the Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., does not constitute and should not be interpreted as an endorsement of any political party.Investing involves risk including loss of principal.The books How to Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be, The Truth About Pricing, and Random Acts of Medicine are not affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.). Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.) has not reviewed the books and makes no representations about its content.(0525-WRWH)

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• Hooked on Streaks: With Guests Chloë Hamilton & Jackie Silverman

  Streaks have long been logged in the world of sports. And for tracking habits, like daily writing. But now apps encourage us to keep streaks going for just about anything. Messaging friends, learning new languages, meditating, exercising, you name it. In this episode of Choiceology with Katy Milkman, we explore the motivational power of streaks. And we look at ways to alleviate the demotivating effects of breaking a streak. We speak with journalist Chloë Hamilton, who wrote a story for The Guardian about how a daily ritual can enrich your life or become an unhealthy obsession. Chloë heard from a range of people logging streaks—from daily language practice to simply kissing their partner each morning. One of the more extreme examples included runner Tom Vickery, who has run every day since August 2019. And not just in rain or shine, but after 200 mile runs, in sickness and health, even on a vacation, which included laps on a ferry boat. Next, Katy speaks with Jackie Silverman, an assistant professor of marketing at the University of Delaware, where she studies consumer behavior and streaks. Her research shows that people often adopt a "streak-keeping" goal in addition to their original motivation for an activity. Breaking a streak can be demotivating due to the feeling of goal failure and loss aversion. Silverman suggests that apps and individuals should emphasize intact streaks, downplay broken ones, and offer opportunities for "streak repair"—or flexibility to help people recover and stay motivated. Choiceology is an original podcast from Charles Schwab. For more on the show, visit https://schwab.com/Choiceology.If you enjoy the show, please leave a rating or review on Apple Podcasts.Important DisclosuresThe comments, views, and opinions expressed in the presentation are those of the speakers and do not necessarily represent the views of Charles Schwab.Data contained herein from third party providers is obtained from what are considered reliable source. However, its accuracy, completeness or reliability cannot be guaranteed and Charles Schwab & Co. expressly disclaims any liability, including incidental or consequential damages, arising from errors or omissions in this publication. All corporate names and market data shown above are for illustrative purposes only and are not a recommendation, offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. Automatic investing strategies do not ensure a profit and do not protect against losses in declining markets.Investing involves risk including loss of principal.The books How to Change: The Science of Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Beis not affiliated with, sponsored by, or endorsed by Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.). Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (CS&Co.) has not reviewed the book and makes no representations about its content.Apple, the Apple logo, iPad, iPhone, and Apple Podcasts are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc.Spotify and the Spotify logo are registered trademarks of Spotify AB.0525-PM4V

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