Dr. Jennifer Freyd, the leading expert in betrayal trauma, breaks down what separates betrayal from other traumatic experiences. For more on betrayal blindness, read Blind to Betrayal by Dr. Jennifer Freyd and Dr. Pamela Birrell. For more on institutional betrayal and institutional courage, check out the Center for Institutional Courage. If you would like to reach out to the Betrayal Team, email us at
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